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http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.114.163&rep=rep1&type=pdf > model of affect. > of the space defined by a bipolar valence dimension and an orthogonal dimension labeled activation (see > Figure 1 ). Using multidimensional scaling of similarity ratings, Russell and other researchers have > recovered the circumplex from similarity judgments of emotion-related words in several cultures around > the world (e.g., Almagor & Ben-Porath, 1989 ; Russell, 1983 ) and from children's similarity judgments > of facial expressions ( Russell & Bullock, 1985 ). > emotion but also the structure of emotion as it is experienced, or what Russell and Feldman Barrett > (1999) have termed core affect. Core affect, as defined by Russell and Feldman Barrett, refers to the > "most elementary consciously accessible affective feelings" that people experience (p. 806). At any > moment in time, individuals' affective state is assumed to fall at a single discrete point within the > circumplex. > (1980) also had participants indicate the extent to which various emotion terms described the > participants' own current emotional state. > treatment of polar opposite emotions. Following the typical assumption that items at opposite ends of a > bipolar continuum should have a perfectly negative theoretic correlation, the circumplex model > originally predicted a theoretic correlation between happiness and sadness, and between other polar > opposites, approaching —1. > (1986), who had participants complete emotion ratings during emotional moments in their lives for a > period of 6 weeks. Though Diener and Iran-Nejad did find that positive and negative emotions were > mutually exclusive at high levels, they also found that positive and negative emotions often co-occurred > at moderate levels. > time, Russell and Carroll's model provides two alternative interpretations. First, Diener and Iran-Nejad's > intent was to measure positive and negative emotions in general rather than happiness and sadness in > particular. Their measures of emotion therefore consisted of summed ratings of several positive (e.g., > happy, joyful , fun/enjoyment ) and negative emotions (e.g., depressed / blue , unhappy , angry / > hostile ) that varied in activation. According to Russell and Carroll's model, the inclusion of emotions > distant from the bipolar valence dimension likely increased reports of the co-occurrence of positive and > negative emotions, and, therefore, these data do not directly address whether people felt both happy and > sad at the same time. > reports of simultaneous positive and negative emotions to ambiguous response formats. Diener and Iran- > Nejad as well as Russell (1980 ; Feldman Barrett & Russell, 1998 ) and other emotion researchers (e.g., > Green, Goldman, & Salovey, 1993 ; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988 ; Watson & Tellegen, 1999 ) have > often measured emotion with unipolar scales on which participants rate the extent to which they are > experiencing various emotions on scales ranging from, for example, not at all to extremely. > Watson and Tellegen (1985). Like Russell's model, Watson and Tellegen's model features a circular > ordering of emotion terms described by two nearly orthogonal dimensions > pleasantness versus unpleasantness) that features happy and sad as negatively correlated polar opposites > (e.g., Watson & Tellegen, 1999, p. 606). The models are distinct in that Watson and Tellegen rotated > the axes 45° and highlighted two orthogonal dimensions, termed Positive Activation and Negative > Activation ( Watson & Tellegen, 1985 ; cf. positive and negative affect, Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & > Tellegen, 1999 ). > evaluative space model (ESM) focuses on the underlying processes that give rise to the experience of > affect. Though the ESM emerged in the domain of attitudes ( Cacioppo & Berntson, 1994 ; Cacioppo, > Gardner, & Berntson, 1997 ), it has since been developed into a general model of affect and emotion > ( Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999 ).
 * Russell (1980) has developed a bipolar model of affect within the context of a more general circumplex
 * The circumplex model posits that emotions fall in a circular order around the perimeter
 * Happiness and sadness consistently fall near the poles of the bipolar valence dimension, suggesting that people treat happiness as the diametric opposite of sadness, in particular, and negative emotions as the opposite of positive emotions, in general.
 * The circumplex was intended to capture not only the relative similarity of words people use to describe
 * To test the model's predictions regarding the experience of emotion, Russell
 * Despite its considerable support, Russell and Carroll (1999) recently refined the circumplex model's
 * Russell and Carroll's (1999) model appears to be inconsistent with the findings of Diener and Iran-Nejad
 * Though these findings may suggest that people can feel happy and sad at the same
 * In addition, Russell and Carroll's (1999) model can attribute Diener and Iran-Nejad's (1986) frequent
 * A model similar to Russell's (1980 ; Russell & Carroll, 1999 ) circumplex model has been articulated by
 * Following Russell, for example, Watson and Tellegen described a bipolar valence dimension (i.e.,
 * Whereas circumplex models focus on the experience of affect, Cacioppo and Berntson's (1994)